lecture2.pptx

Abstraction

Software: Kernel, OSI model, APIs, etc.

Hardware: Transistors → Gates Level → RTL (FIFO, MUX, etc) → System Level

Computer System: Hardware → HAL → Kernel → Syslibs → Applications

Von Neumann Architecture

Single address space: same for data and instructions

System bus

• Address bus, data bus, control bus
• Limitations: too many connected devices, one instruction at a time

Bottleneck: High I/O and Memory latency (CPU needs to wait)

Harvard Architecture Model

• Separate memory buses
  • Instruction and data memory
• Advantages
  • Isolation
• Disadvantages
  • Multiple buses, higher cost

Fixes:

Caching for memory

Application Binary Interface

Contract between software and operating system.